Tuesday, January 28, 2020

Development of Chiles Economic Model

Development of Chiles Economic Model William Rodriguez Bibliography B: ‘Formal’ (post-colonial) economic and social development policies, plans, programs and projects, from the dawn of the ‘development era’ up to the present time in Chile. Introduction To obtain a complete perspective and framework of the economic and social development of Chile after the independence to the present time it is essential to see the evolution of the political forces and policies that have shaped the country throughout history. After independence, the institutions and the economy showed no substantial changes for the reason that the revolutionaries were the Landowners, therefore the political power and economy remained oligarchic and centralized. However through time, Chile has had dramatic changes in the social, economic and political structure (Luders, 1993), furthermore sharing similar circumstances with other countries in Latin America such as, social inequality, economic inequality, inflation and dictatorial governments. This bibliography B will analyse the different periods in the history of Chile, going through the changes that the country has experienced since the independence in 1818 to the institutional rupture in 1973 to the transition and consolidation of democracy in 1990. Bibliography PETRAS, J. 1969. Chapter 1: Economic development and Social Change; Chapter 4: The Middle Class; Chapter 6: Christian Democracy; Chapter 9: The Future of Chilean Politics. Politics and social forces in Chilean Development. Berkeley, University of California Press. Petras presents an interesting narrative of all political parties and forces that shaped the development of Chile before the institutional rupture in 1973. In this book, the author argues that the economic and political control was run by the usual elites and middle-class industrialists, however, obvious signs of agricultural and proletarian groups demanding more participation were increasingly visible. According to Petras, Chilean society was a democratic society. However, very few people were involved in the political process because they were controlled by the elite with the socio-economic power, the political parties driving the country according the author were: the Popular Action Front (FRAP) and the Christian Democratic, usually sharing interests and giving no participation to the lowest in the social strata. During the nineteenth century and the twentieth century each president appointed his successor by controlling the ruling classes and elections, political and social reforms were directed by the political class, and society basically was divided into the owners of properties and farmworkers. However according to the author, industrialization has played a role in the development of sectors such as the middle class sectors, strengthening this working class and giving them a more participatory role in Chilean politics and society. The author claims that, the working class must lead the way to change, integrating and becoming a significant force for political and economic development in the country. However, modernization and industrialization created a big difference in the social structure, promoting uneven development between classes during that period. GIL, F., LAGOS ESCOBAR, R. LANDSBERGER, H. 1979. Chapter 1: The Difficult Road to Socialism: the Chilean Case from a Historical Perspective; Chapter 2: The evolution Of the Chilean Political System 1952-1970; chapter 3: The Unidad Popular: A Historical Vision of the Transition to socialism. Chile at the Turning Point, lessons of the socialist years 1970-1973. Philadelphia, institute for the Study of Human Issues. According to the authors, until 1973 Chile had a political stability and the economy before 1952 was characterized by the expansion of the industrial sector. This apparent stability change with the election of Allende in 1970 and what he called the second round to socialism. Allende’s socialist strategies and the actions taken by his government by the nationalization of businesses, industry and banking system, gave way to a political unrest encouraging a system of confrontation; Government run out of options losing control of the country thus facilitating a military coup in 1973. The end of the democracy came with the authoritarian military rule in Chile in 1973, consequently, new policies for inversion, market and international trade, were created. New forms of transforming the economy took place, as well as changes in foreign policy, health services, education, industry and political system. VALDEZ, J. 1995. Chapter 1: Authoritarians without a Project; Chapter 9: In search of Politics; Chapter 10: The elusive Hegemony. Pinochets Economists: The Chicago School of Economics in Chile. Cambridge University Press. The social and political repression of the Pinochet period managed to make possible the implementation of economic changes in 1973, a commitment to free markets and the union of economists with similar ideals enabled the economic growth of the country. The book presents a description of how the government changed the economy of Chile during the Pinochet period, explaining how the group called â€Å"the Chicago boys took control of the economy, initiating economic neo-liberal free trade and radical development strategies to improve the economy. According to the author many of these strategies remained active even after the return to democracy. Valdez (1995), claims that the measures taken by this group of economists represented a record growth in the economy furthermore showing that a highly political environment and ideas provide a solid foundation for the implementation of public policies. BORZUTZKY, S. OPPENHEIM, L. 2006. Chapter 1: The Arduous Road to Democracy; Chapter 2: The consolidation of the Market. After Pinochet: The Chilean Road to Democracy and the Market. University Press of Florida. This book is a collective work of 8 professors, focusing on the period after the Pinochet government and the path to the democracy of Chile, the authors analyse the effect of institutions, market, health care, foreign policy, pensions, and public policies in the Chilean economy and society. Concentrating on the period of 1990-2006 this book is a view on all the factors involved in Chilean society during the twentieth century, including human rights, external politics, openness to market, economic policies, abortion, divorce, political institutions, church and the process of consolidation of democracy through democratically elected governments after the Pinochet regime. Contrary to what other authors argue, Borzutzky (2006) claims that the health policies adopted by Pinochet created a discriminatory system by reducing the budget in the public sector, consequently reducing the quality of the health services. Thea author also argues that the open market philosophy and privatization of the industry constituted a setback for those peasants who legally obtained and worked the land during that period. Discussion â€Å"In the last decades, Chile has suffered drastic changes in its economic, political, and social structure† (Santos, 2005), therefore, to have a detailed understanding and a comprehensive framework of the development of the country it is necessary to analyse the different periods in its history. Petras (1969) and Gil (1979) present a vision of the economy and society before the institutional rupture in 1973, Valdez (1995) poses a vision of the economy and society during the authoritarian military rule, and Borzutzky Oppenheim (2006) focus on the period after the military rule. This diversity of authors presents a complete view of all the elements that have shaped the economy and society in Chile. Petras (1969) and Gil (1979), agree that the economic and political power of Chile before 1973 was in the hands of â€Å"elites† and industrial merchants leaving no participation to the working class in politics, however, this centralized power helped maintain the political stability in the nation for many decades. According to the authors, projects and programs during this period were focused on benefiting the elites, but by the time of the 1970’s, development had increased the gap in the social structure producing a marked inequality in social and economic sectors. Democratic recovery, political stability, and economic growth seem to be the keys for the recent development of the nation (Santos, 2005). However, According to Valdez (1995), Borzutzky () Oppenheim (2006), the political repression of the Pinochet period and the implementation of social and economic reforms, created the basis for the development and economic growth of the country. The reforms made à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹in order to obtain equal opportunities for citizens in terms of health, education, macroeconomic policy, openness to market, and mass privatization of enterprises were key achievements for the reactivation of the economy. A large-scale privatization occurred in Chile by 1974, approximately 550 companies were privatized (Luders, 1993). Consequently the private sector became responsible for growth and also was in charge of financing most of the investment in the country. Furthermore, a greater emphasis was placed on improving exports, avoid monopoly, strengthen the industry, and opening the economy to market. Valdez (1995) suggests that the rapid growth in that period, was due measures taken by â€Å"the Chicago boys a group of young economists who implemented neo-liberal economic policies in the country. In conclusion, Chile is today a clear proof of the imposition of the liberal model upon the economic and political (Moulian, 1997), the effectiveness of the Chilean economic model has become internationally recognized, the low rates of inflation, its policy of Foreign Trade, high investment, trade liberalization, search for social equality, competitiveness, success on social programs in health and education, improvement of labour relations, aid to low-income families, economic Growth, and high levels of internal investment have marked Chile as one of the most successful developing countries in the Latin American area (Muà ±oz, 1993). References: LUDERS, R. 1993. The success and failure of the state-owned enterprise divestitures in a developing country, the case of chile. . The Columbia Journal of World Business. MOULIAN, T. 1997. Chile actual. Anatomà ­a de un mito. Santiago: Arcis-Lom. MUÑOZ, H. 1993. La polà ­tica econà ³mica en la transicià ³n. Santiago: CIEPLAN. In: MCMAHON, J. A. M. Y. G. (ed.) Chile en transicià ³n: Estrategia econà ³mica y polà ­tica. SANTOS, A. 2005. The Chilean dilemma: between economic development and the deepening of democracy Oxford University Press.

Monday, January 20, 2020

The Indian Uprising (a Critique) :: essays research papers

Any author's primary goal in story writing is to convey an idea or topic to their reading audience. The conventional wisdom on this thought is that the clearer this is conveyed, the greater the appeal to the reader. However, some authors feel the need to resist this trend and forge new paths that sometime leaves the meanings of their stories obscure and hidden from the average reader. Donald Barthelme has taken this optional approach with his story "The Indian Uprising". There are several reasons that I did not fully enjoy this post-colonial short story. One, its "point" is vague and this is a challenge to my current reading abilities and two, it rambles along its disjointed timeline to the point that I became easily lost. However, there is something that the story brought to light that I am now more fully aware of than before reading this story. That is my own abilities of intellectual analysis. It is these areas that I wish to elaborate upon.Donald Barthelme's deliberate twisting of the subtleties in meaning in his story is intriguing. However, as a recent popular movie so elegantly put it, it left me dazed and confused. I couldn't seem to figure out what the point or moral of the story should be. Was this a story of a battle between cowboys and Indians, as it suggests in its title? The story starts off leading you to take this as a real possibility with lines such as "We defended the city as best we could. The arrows of the Comanches came in clouds."(123). Or was it a story of love set in the time of war? "...we issued entrenching tools to those who seemed trustworthy and turned the heavy-weapons companies so that we could not be surprised from that direction. And I sat there getting drunker and drunker and more in love and more in love." (124). Although the story bounces between these two main "insinuations", it is never clear to me what or who the story is about and I found this to be an unfulfilling reading. In retrospect my previous readings of literature have been more of the atypical writing style. One that leaves you comfortable and secure and without guesswork "The Indian Uprising" avoids this style at all cost. The author's intent on writing in the style of a collage, although fascinating, is very confusing. I will be the first to admit I'm not the most avid of readers, but having to read a story two or even three times and still not fully perceiving its meaning made it an even more arduous read.

Sunday, January 12, 2020

Korean Wave (Hallyu) in China

â€Å"Korean wave (Hallyu) was coined in China in mid-1999 by Beijing journalists surprised by the fast growing popularity of South Koreans and South Korean goods in China. † However, the phenomenon of Korean wave flows into East Asia especially China during the early twenty-first century. Korean wave covers the craze for South Korean music, TV dramas, pop stars, but also for fashion styles, cosmetics and electronics. There are many reasons causing Korean wave being a popular mass culture in China. Korean wave spread so successful because of the Confucian themes that East Asian cultures are more familiar with, typically dealing with traditional issues such as family, love, and filial piety. China in particular share a similar history with Korea. Furthermore, Korean government propagates their modernization Korean wave through media power. Extensively promoting Korean culture transnational makes it another reason Chinese suddenly start engaging in Korean cultures. As two countries both strongly pay attention to the international culture exchange, people are more likely try to understand and accept it. The effect Korean wave has made on Chinese people is enormous. Daily life like watching dramas becomes popular and the story lines are discussed among youths and housewives. Due to the drama contains everything like music, fashion styles, pop stars and foods. Chinese people start imitating both the way of dressing, make-up putting. Korean restaurants also sprang up quickly like mushrooms. Korean language is also being chosen as students’ third language in order to understand more about the culture. Chinese start travelling to the filming location in Korea so as to enjoy Korean wave natively and it also helps Korean to obtaining another way of economy profit making. Korean traditional ethnics and education view also influenced Chinese people’s life in many ways. Despite those advantages, Korean wave does challenge the Chinese its own culture. Less attention is paid on Chinese its own entertainment industry. As teenagers are the main target audiences under the Korean wave, their world outlook and life values are influenced by it. Korean wave might limits their minds and stop themselves up on the surface. There are two reasons which cause the emergence of Korean wave being widely accepted in China. Firstly and the most important reason is that both Korea and China share a similar history background. Those two countries have had a long historical relationship and both of them are influenced by the spirit of Confucianism. The similar social structure, etiquette and philosophy make Korean wave more acceptable in East Asian countries especially China rather than western countries. Due to globalizations’ rapidly expanding, Chinese people are no longer being confined to American pop culture. However choosing the one which they think is more understandable. Furthermore, the ideology of Confucianism plays an important role in both old days China until now. However, the Chinese Culture Revolution in 1966 has extensively and perniciously damaged the culture understanding which cause the lacking of Confucius value nowadays. Lots of Chinese people can easily trace their traditional values like loyalty, filial piety, benevolence by looking at the Korean drama as those dramas always emphasis on the family relationship and ethnics. Korean dramas are favored because of their richness traditional values which gives a good example showing China how to manage the Confucius value in modern society. It offers both a nostalgic reminder of what has been lost during modernization and an example of an Asian country that has modernized and has retained its traditions. Secondly, since media becomes the global popular culture communicating tool, Chinese people observed that Korean wave is actually a new inspirable culture that they had never experienced before. Depending on the age, interests and values of the spectators, different types of Hallyu have been propagated to different target audiences. Due to the Chinese harsh education system, youths would more likely to accept the new culture with plenty of vigor. Those good-looking pop singer, actor and actress represent the Korean type beauty which is attractive and scintillating. Through both television and internet, young people and women in particular have passion in pursuing their dreaming celebrities and even imitating their way of dressing. Although Korean drama does not have spectacular scene like what Hollywood prefers to have, oppositely the exquisite scene in film and the beautiful actors in drama give people a difference feeling. The Korean public broadcaster KBS has aired its satellite channel â€Å"KBS world† in China for both Korean and foreigners in 2007. KBS hopes their new service can boost Korean wave in China with a population of 1. 3 billion. Moreover, media production is promoted by national policy. Korean government continuously support and promote Korean wave to the whole world by improving their production techniques. The range of implementation of Korean wave expands rapidly as the exposure rate of the word Hallyu increases. Chinese people start to chase the new phenomenon due to the promoting of media. Since the phenomenon of Korean wave flows in to China during the early twenty-first century. The effects that Hallyu has been made largely influenced Chinese people’s daily life, knowledge learning and also largely challenged the development of Chinese its own culture. As TV drama was the first Korean wave imported into China. Watching Korean drama in China is as popular as having Kimchi everyday in Korea. Housewives become the typical group who sit in front of the television and so as youths. The synopsis has been widely discussed at people’s leisure which occupies a large time on their daily life. The successful promoting of Korean dramas is evidenced by the fact that they are now becoming part of the everyday program among different Chinese local television broadcasters. Furthermore even having Korean food, so often appeared in Korean dramas, has become a new fad among Chinese. Thus, Koreans in China and local Chinese people take this as an advantage. So Korean style restaurants sprang up like mushrooms in China especially in big city like Shanghai, Beijing and Shenzhen. A report in the International Herald Tribune noted that â€Å"South Koreans are only just starting to realize that food can be just as profitable an export as semiconductors. † Dae Jang Geum is the drama which well talks about one girl’s life in the royal court within the traditional Korean culture, royal cuisine and traditional medicine being mentioned as theme. After the drama was exported into China and was very well received. Many restaurants named Dae Jang Geum and attracted consumers by putting Royal court cuisine as their shop sign. Also cited was the new appetite for Korean food in China where â€Å"Korean court cuisine has become immensely popular and sales of hanbok (traditional Korean clothing) and traditional herbal medicine have skyrocketed† Korean food suddenly becomes the most popular cuisine among China. Learning and emulating become another significance effects which putted on Chinese people. Stars of such dramas and pop singers have emerged as Korean popular idols among Chinese teenagers. Regional music channel like Channel V in China featured Korean pop music videos which created so many K-POP fans. They vie with each other in imitating their fashion, hairstyle and also make-up. Even more dramatically, some Chinese women ask plastic surgeons changing their face into the celebrity who they like because of the advanced plastic surgeon technology in Korea. As drama Winter Sonata was played on TV, the main actor- Bae Yong Jun’s fashion style was commonly being imitating among male teenagers. The gentle refined glasses with the special carrying scarf dominated the fashion style during that time. Those style dresses were easily seen on the street. Since people are more curious about Korean culture, study Korean language so as to better understands the meaning of the pop songs and dramas. More students take Korean as their third language after Korean wave has coming into China. Furthermore, Chinese see Korean as a good opportunity having and organizing travel tour. Apart from the well-known destination like Seoul, Seoraksan National Park and Andong, the resort island of Namiseom where Winter Sonata filming took place on turned into a famous travel destination for foreigners. People have desires to see and to feel the beautiful scene by their own eyes. Korean wave offers an opportunity for Chinese to experience the Korean culture and Korean wave also offers Korean itself having the opportunity to show their success in transnational culture delivery. The economy benefits Korea obtained from Korean wave are also enormous. Apart from those stunning things Chinese see from Korean wave, it also challenges Chinese people’s thinking, way of living and its own culture maintenance. The strong propagating of etiquettes and ethnics toward different generation among the entire country from Korean dramas and TV programs provokes Korean’s traditional Confucius ideology. That is the part of important culture which Chinese is losing little by little. Korean wave is not only propagating its popular fashion things but also propagating their social values and life styles. As reported â€Å"Chinese people yearn and dream for a bright life by watching Korean dramas. † People have desire to yearn for the lost ‘love’ in the rapidly growing society. Korean typical love story lines give them any opportunity to escape from the reality and believe that love and beautiful things will always beat evil or malignant behavior. The social values which have been communicated through the drama eep reminding Chinese never throwing away the traditions to modernize the country. Nevertheless, there are also some disadvantages Korean waves deeply influenced China and Chinese people especially youths. Firstly Chinese its own entertainment industry is challenged by the transnational power from Korea. As Korean dramas and K-POP came into China, they have tak en almost eighty percent of teenagers’ audiences concentrating on foreigner culture but forgetting the Chinese native entertainment culture. Secondly, there is a need for greater diversity and choice in education for teenagers. As Chinese people are not growing up in Korea and could not experience the life in real Korea. Misunderstandings will definitely being transferred from one country to another. Teenagers accept the surface of the Korean wave through the most visualized media tool like magazines and televisions. Without parents and the society’s rational guide, teenagers will hard to get a thorough understanding about the culture diversity of the whole world. There are complex reasons for the emergence of the Korean wave suddenly catches Chinese people’s attention. For the great esteem people express for high-quality popular culture goods such as TV dramas, music, fashion-style and even cuisines. It is hard to predict the future for Korean wave whether it will fad or continue shining, however, the transnational culture it has been propagated made a remarkable job already. The extensively effects what Korean wave has made did impact on China and Chinese people’s everyday life. Not only up on the surface such as aesthetic standard, entertainment ways, appetite but also the ethnics on family value, loyalty, filial piety and the inviolability of tradition. The Confucianism ideology connects Korea and China which challenged Chinese people’s thinking. In the mean time, since both of them share the similar culture background, Korean wave is easier to be accepted. Balancing Korean wave with Chinese native culture, Chinese people are also concerning about the invasion of Korean wave. Youths are mostly questioned about their future growth depending on other country’s culture. The transnational culture communications bring disadvantages as well. Reference and bibliography Beng Huat Chua, KI 2008, East Asian pop culture: analysing the Korean wave , Hong kong University press. Cai, J 2008, ‘China's first taste of the Korean wave', Korea. net news, 11 august 2008. Doo-hyong, H 2004, ‘ S. Korean Plastic Surgeons Ride ‘Korean Wave' Into China', Organisation of Asia-Pacific News Agencies, 30 May 2004. koichi, I 2002, From Western Gaze to Global Gaze, New York, London:Routledge, Diana Crrane eds. Mori, Y 2008, East Asian pop culture : analysing the Korean wave / Chapter 6 â€Å"Winter sonata† and cultural practices of active fans in Japan, Hong Kong University Press. Onishi, N 2006, ‘A rising Korean wave: If Seoul sells it, China craves it', The New York Times Seo, JDAY 2004, ‘Korea as the wave of a future:', Journal of Futures Studies, August 2004, pp. pp. 31-44. Shim, D 2006, Hybridity and the rise of Korean popular culture in Asia, NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE. The public broadcaster KBS 2007 , ‘South Korean satellite TV to get foothold in China', BBC Monitoring Media, 26 august 2007. Zi, C 2005, ‘KOREAN WAVE IN CHINA', China Daily, 3 december 2005.

Friday, January 3, 2020

The Experience Of The War In Korea Essay - 1588 Words

The Experience Of The War In Korea The Korean War was a trying time for America. The nation was getting involved in a war that had little or no possibility of a fortunate outcome. The Korean people were divided among how the country should be run. A uniform system of government looked like it may never come to be. In order to protect one of its vital interests as well as to prove to the rest of the world that America didn’t stand for communism, the United States began taking up arms. The war would prove a most difficult task to achieve successfully. In fact, it was almost impossible to continue fighting what seemed to be far from a worthy sacrifice of American lives. It was January 10, 1950 when Robert Marrara of Arthurdale, WV,†¦show more content†¦You know, because somebody had to do what I did and I think I did it better than†¦[abruptly comes back on subject] but I enjoyed doing it and it was tough but the weather was the toughest part of it. When going to war, his skills proved most useful in finishing whatever was assigned to him. He knew a great deal more about automobiles and mechanics than many of his superior officers. It was because of this that he was given the responsibility that kept him occupied and away from the thoughts of war. When shipped overseas to Japan, Robert was assigned to be a part of the division known as ordinance maintenance. This division was basically the mechanics and people with the technical know-how to repair all kinds of broken devices, ranging from batteries to automobiles. His work, as he remembers, helped him through the many cold nights. He talks about how difficult it was to be given such responsibility for the camp: Well, it wasn’t, it wasn’t, it was hard because I was the, for the whole company I had to supply the lights which I had rebuilt a generator, had a three-phase diesel-operated generator for the lighting system, which I put in poles and sent lights out to all the tents except the B.O.Q. which is the officers’ quarters up on the hill. And then they had a different generator for them. So every day, every morning about five-o-clock I had to go down and I started those engines and got the lights going andShow MoreRelatedKorean War On The World War I951 Words   |  4 Pagesgoing to present about Korean War that happened between 1950 to 1953. I think Korean War was one of the important wars like Vietnam War (ë ²  Ã­Å  ¸Ã«â€š ¨ ì›Å') because the Korean War was actually close to the World War III if United States launched the small nuke or Soviet Union participated in the war actively. 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